Obtaining precise internal resistance at different SOC levels requires disassembling the battery pack and connecting it to a professional charge-discharge cabinet for several days of cycling tests. This is beyond the scope of non-destructive used car inspections; we only provide real-time estimated internal resistance data based on OBD port readings.

For B2B large customer orders, a "sampling + full inspection" dual regulation is adopted. Core parameters (no major accidents, no water damage or fire) are subject to 100% inspection per vehicle; appearance and condition are uniformly graded (e.g., uniformly purchasing Grade A), and panoramic images of all vehicles in the batch along with a core indicators comparison list are provided before shipment.

4S dealership records are directly connected to the manufacturer's database, making the data hard to tamper with and the most reliable, with original parts guaranteed; third-party repair shops usually are not connected, making their data unverifiable. Therefore, we only consider the connected records from 4S dealerships as valid historical documentation.